RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Heterotheca inuloides Cass., also known as "arnica", is used in traditional medicine in Mexico. OBJECTIVE: Development of fast methods for the extraction of lipidic and phenolic fractions from arnica plants and their subsequent characterization. METHODOLOGY: Ultrasound was applied to accelerate extraction of the target compounds from this plant and reduce the use of organic solvents as compared with conventional methods. Gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with diode-array detection were used for the characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively. RESULTS: Under optimal extraction conditions, 9 and 55 min were necessary to complete extraction of the lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively. The fatty acids present at the highest concentrations in H. inuloides were eicosatetraenoic n3 (24.6 µg/g), cis-9-hexadecenoic n7 (23.1 µg/g), exacosanoic (22.7 µg/g) and cis-9-octadecenoic acid (21.3 µg/g), while the rest were in the range 7.6-1.3 µg/g. The most concentrated phenols were guaiacol (41.5 µg/g), catechin (38.7 µg/g), ellagic acid (35.9 µg/g), carbolic acid (24.2 µg/g) and p-coumaric acid (19.5 µg/g), while the rest were in the range 5.1-0.4 µg/g. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound reduces the time necessary to complete the extraction 160 and 26 times, the extraction volume 2.5 and 4 times, and increases the extraction efficiency 5 and 3 times for lipidic and phenolic fractions, respectively, in comparison with conventional extraction methods. In addition, the characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions constitutes a first approach to the H. inuloides metabolome.
Assuntos
Asteraceae/química , Lipídeos/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Ultrassom/métodos , Ácidos Araquidônicos/química , Ácidos Araquidônicos/isolamento & purificação , Catequina/química , Catequina/isolamento & purificação , Fracionamento Químico , Ácidos Cumáricos/química , Ácidos Cumáricos/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Elágico/química , Ácido Elágico/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/química , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Guaiacol/química , Guaiacol/isolamento & purificação , Lipídeos/química , Ácido Oleico/química , Ácido Oleico/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Palmíticos/química , Ácidos Palmíticos/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/química , Propionatos , Solventes/química , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Natural essential oils are used extensively in fragrances, flavorants, and in the food and pharmaceutical industries. During hydrodistillation, a part of the essential oil becomes dissolved in the condensate and lost as this water is discarded. In this study, carvone and limonene content recovered from hydrodistillation waste water of caraway fruit were quantified using two methods for recovering dissolved aromatic molecules from condensate water: extraction through distillation and extraction by means of a solvent. This allows for the conservation of useful molecules which are typically discarded with the waste water produced during the distillation process. The objective of this study was to quantify the carvone and limonene content recoverable from waste water derived from the distillation of caraway essential oil. The well-known Clevenger method and a simpler, more practical technique employing cyclohexane as a solvent were employed to determine the recoverable content of aromatic molecules from the hydrosol. The chemical compositions of the respective recovered extracts were compared with those of the primary oils to analyze the efficacy of these methods. Recovered extract accounted for 10 to 40 percent of the total oil yield. The limonene and carvone molecules recovered using these methods were quantified through gas chromatography in order to characterize the composition of the secondary extract produced.
Los aceites esenciales naturales se utilizan ampliamente en las fragancias, saborizantes, y en la industria alimentaria y farmacéutica. Durante la hidrodestilación, una parte del aceite esencial se disuelve en el condensado y se pierde como agua de descarga. En este estudio, el contenido de carvona y limoneno recuperados del agua de desecho de la hidrodestilación de la fruta de alcaravea se cuantificaron utilizando dos métodos para recuperar las moléculas aromáticas disueltas en el agua condensada: extracción a través de la destilación y la extracción con un disolvente. Esto permite la conservación de las moléculas útiles que normalmente son desechadas con las aguas residuales producidas durante el proceso de destilación. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar el contenido de carvona y limoneno recuperable de las aguas residuales procedente de la destilación del aceite esencial de alcaravea. El conocido método de Clevenger y una técnica sencilla y práctica que emplea ciclohexano como disolvente fueron utilizadas para determinar el contenido de moléculas aromáticas contenidas en el hidrosol. La composición química de los extractos recuperados fue comparada con los aceites primarios para analizar la eficacia de estos métodos. El extracto recuperado representa del 10 al 40 por ciento del contenido total de aceite esencial. Las moléculas de limoneno y carvona recuperadas mediante estos métodos se cuantificaron mediante cromatografía de gases con el fin de caracterizar la composición del extracto secundario.
